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5900 BC – 2000 BC
5,400 BC:
Settlers have appeared of the first time on the banks of the [Euphrates]
at [Kish], [Eridu], [Ur] and [al-Ubaid.] They produce buff-colored potter
with abstract, red-brown painted decoration.
4,500 BC: The [Egyptians] are using more sophisticated
boasts on the [Nile] River. The [Nile} is [Egypt’s] chief internal
artery of communication as well as the provider of life-giving water to
sustain the people. It is probably the importance of river traffic that
has led to the development of more efficient vessels.
4,100 BC: Farmers in the forests of [Ghana] are harvesting
oil-palm seeds.
3,300 BC: Metallurgy of copper, bronze and iron, perhaps
originally imported from western Asia, has become well established in
[Egypt]. The [Egyptians] use farm tools made of finely polished stone
or of flint, which has the cutting quality of metal.
3, 000 BC: The use of bricks in architecture has developed and
is assuming impressive proportions. [Egyptian] art is affirming itself
magnificently in works such as the "Palette of Narmer", in which
Narmer (Menes) wears Caucasian and red crowns, linked with north and south
– showing he controls both Lower and Upper [Egypt]. The progressive
desiccation of the [Sahara] region is leading to an extension of the desert
and the migration of cattle-breeding populations to more fertile areas
such as [Egypt].
2,600 BC: Builders are at work on the Pyramid of Maidum,
the first true pyramid.
2,500 BC: The world’s first known libraries are
being set up at [Shuruppak (Fara) and Eresh (Abu-Salabikh)]. They include
texts concerned with the trials of daily life reflected in proverbs.
2,290 BC: The reign of Pepi, has ended and was marked
by great building works, particularly at Abydos, Dendera and Bubastis.
Pepi sent military expeditions to Nubia, and to Palestine. He established
a thriving trade between Egypt and Byblos in the Levant.
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